托福阅读文章逻辑与从句的关系

托福阅读文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看，需要考生重点把握并列关系、概述与详述(或抽象与具体)关系、转折关系以及因果关系。其实把握托福阅读文章的关键在于对从句的把握，下面我们就来详细说一下。

托福阅读文章逻辑与从句的关系：并列关系

并列关系的两句话主要意思方面不同，并且有时会有表示并列的关联词出现。如例1：

例1：1Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. 2Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.

解析：

句1主要意思方面：调查者认同面部表情表明情感。

句2主要意思方面：人们识别表情表达出的情感。

句1与句2意思方面不同，并用moreover关联。

注意：并非所有并列关系的两个句子都有关联词出现，只要意思方面不同即为并列关系，如例2：

例2：1Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. 2Their bodies are sleek and compact.

句1意思方面：流线成为艺术形式。

句2意思方面：身体光滑简洁。

意思方面不同，无关联词，仍为并列关系。

常见表并列关系的关联词有：and, furthermore, in addition, additionally, similarly, likewise, as well as, besides, also, moreover, even等。

　　托福阅读文章逻辑与从句的关系：概述与详述(抽象与具体)关系

概述与详述(抽象与具体)关系的两句话意思方面相同，但前后两句是概述与详述的关系，或抽象与具体的关系。

一般概述性或抽象内容涵盖内容广，但已引起歧义，可以让人们不禁问出how, what, why等问题。详述性或具体的句子相对于概述性或抽象句子具体且明确如例3，例4。

例3：1Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. 2They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies.

解析：

句1与句2的意思方面均为swimmers运用swirls and eddies，但句1概述地描述为：sense and make use of, 句2出现具体动作描述glide past...and then gain extra thrust.

例4：1Loie Fuller was an important and innovative dancer.2Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes.

解析：

句1中出现形容词important and innovative。

句2通过具体事例devise a type of dance体现出形容词innovative。

注意：考生应锻炼在阅读的同时就可以感受出句中概述性内容能力。以下形式常常可表示概述或抽象内容：

(1)名词复数: causes, effects, adaptations, aspects, benefits等;

(2)动词: benefit, develop, improve, evolve等动词;

(3)形容词: important, innovative, great, intense, attractive, despondent等;

(4)副词: successfully, hard, bravely, carefully等(往往与动词搭配)。

托福阅读文章逻辑与从句的关系：转折关系

转折关系的两句话总的来说一般用表示转折关系的关联词连接，意思方面来看有两种关系，(1) 意思的方面相同但意思相反，如例5; (2) 意思的方面不同，如例6。

例5：1It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response -- as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. 2But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.

解析：

句1：a stiff lip suppresses emotional response

句2：导致stiffening the lip的情感更加强烈时，facial feedback heighten emotional response。

例6：1The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. 2The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

解析：

句1：鲸鱼保留尾巴，缺少现代鲸主要的推进工具：尾片。

句2：背骨结构表明Ambulocetus与现代鲸游泳一样。

句1与句2意思方面不同，但用关联词however连接，仍未转折关系。

常见转折关系关联词：but, yet, however, though, conversely, in contrast, contrast to, on the contrary等表示转折，相反的词或短语。

　　托福阅读文章逻辑与从句的关系：因果关系

因果关系的典型特征：出现因果关联词。

例7：1Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion. 2As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" is adapted to enhance their ability to swim

解析：

句1：摄食，求爱，繁殖，并且甚至休息都是在恒常的运动中进行。

句2：游泳及其身体形式和功能的每个方面都适于提升游泳能力。

句2用as a result引导，作者认为句1为句2成因。

常见因果关系关联词：as a result, therefore, thus, as a consequence, consequently, so, hence等。

以上就是小编为大家整理的托福阅读文章逻辑与从句的关系，希望为大家的备考提供帮助。若您想了解托福考试更多相关信息请关注百利托福考试频道。