托福阅读材料下载之袁世凯

　　托福阅读在考试中占有一定的分值比重，所以同学们对此要重视起来，注意在平时的学习和生活中积累相关素材，来丰富自己的知识，今天小编给大家带来的是托福阅读材料下载之袁世凯，供同学们参考。

　　袁世凯(1859年—1916年)，字慰亭，号容庵，汉族，中国河南项城人，中国近代史上的政治家、军事家，北洋新军的首脑。早年在朝鲜驻军，击败日军。归国后在天津小站督练新军。清末新政期间推动近代化改革。辛亥革命期间逼清帝退位，以和平的方式推翻满清，统一国家，并成为中华民国临时大总统，后当选为中华民国首任大总统。中华民国的成立并没有给中国带来政治和社会的稳定，袁世凯后来效仿同一时期部分世界列强的政治体制，于1916年洪宪称帝，自立为皇帝，建立了君主立宪政体，但终归失败。

　　China's first president for life

　　中国第一位终身总统

　　Present at the miscreation

　　反常的表现

　　A HUNDRED years ago today, a young man stood surrounded by friends on a railway platform in Shanghai. Song Jiaoren was heading to Beijing to form a new government. He was to lead the largest electoral block in the new national Assembly.

　　一百年前的今天，在上海火车站的月台上，一个年轻人被朋友围着。宋教仁要去北京组建新政府。新国会里面最大的选举集团将归他领导。

　　Song never made it. Shortly before 11 o’clock on the night of March 20th 1913, an assassin slipped behind him and fired two shots at close range. Two days later Song, the man who would have become the first democratically elected premier of China, had died in a Shanghai hospital at the age of 30.

　　宋教仁没能完成这些使命。1913年3月20日接近晚上11点的时候，一个刺客窜到他后面，近距离朝他开了两枪。两天之后，宋教仁去世，这位即将成为中国第一位民选总理的男儿，死在上海医院，年仅三十岁。

　　在中国现代历史上，袁世凯做过一些错误决定，他扮演阿甘的一样角色近30年。他的事业起于19世纪80年代，当时他在汉城，代表清廷在朝鲜的利益。，袁世凯非常喜欢这个很有声望的职位(他共有九个小妾，三个是在朝鲜纳的)。他干涉朝鲜的宫廷政治，给日本在半岛扩大影响力提供了借口，为1894至 1895的中日战争埋下了祸根。

　　China’s embarrassing defeat in that war triggered a crisis of confidence among the nation’s intellectuals. In 1898 a cohort of young reformers gained influence in the court of the equally youthful Guangxu emperor. For 100 days that summer they put forward a startling series of policies meant to prepare China to enter the 20th century. When the reformers began to fear that the emperor’s aunt, the powerful Empress-Dowager Cixi, might try to depose the emperor, they approached Yuan Shikai, now a rising star in the Qing military establishment, to support a counter-coup against her. Yuan agreed to their terms. But then he wasted little time in making an overture to Cixi’s cronies, to see if they would offer him a better deal. Forewarned, Cixi came out of retirement and fulfilled the would-be reformers’ fears by forcing them into exile and placing their emperor under house arrest.

　　For his ersatz loyalty to Cixi, Yuan was named the governor of Shandong province, a region rife with restive groups of anti-foreign militia. Cixi ordered her officials to support these “Boxers” in their crusade, but Yuan wanted nothing to do with this violent rabble. Instead he began a campaign of suppression that forced many of them north, towards Tianjin and Beijing. By 1900 the Boxers had entered the capital and were carrying out attacks against foreigners and the Chinese whom they regarded as tainted by association.

　　因为对慈禧假惺惺的忠诚，袁世凯被任命为山东的巡抚，那里有很多排外的民兵组织。慈禧命令她的官员支持这些“拳民”的活动，但是袁世凯不想喝这类暴虐的乌合之众有任何瓜葛。相反，他开始镇压义和团，很多拳民被迫北上，来到天津和北京。1900年拳民进入首都，成群结队地攻击外国人和那些他们认为已经堕落的中国人。

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